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Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients in 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.
DeepMind has almost apologised. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements — and there may be many — between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed” it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.
The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.
The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that drugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as big pharma has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms Denham's report is a welcome start.
1.What is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind?
2.The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with(  ).
3.The author argues in Paragraph 2 that (  ).  
4.According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is(  ).  
5.The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is(  ).

第 1 问

A. It fell short of the latter's expectations.

B. It caused conflicts among tech giants.

C. It failed to pay due attention to patients' rights.

D. It put both sides into a dangerous situation.

第 2 问

A. empty promises

B. tough resistance

C. sincere apologies

D. necessary adjustments

第 3 问

A. privacy protection must be secured at all costs

B. the value of data comes from the processing of it

C. making profits from patients' data is illegal

D. leaking patients' data is worse than selling it

第 4 问

A. the monopoly of big data by tech giants

B. the vicious rivalry among big pharmas

C. the uncontrolled use of new software

D. the ineffective enforcement of privacy law

第 5 问

A. ambiguous

B. appreciative

C. cautious

D. contemptuous

参考答案: C D B A C

详细解析:

1.应选[C]。考查考生把握重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】(1)根据题干“agreement”的提示定位在第一段第四句。(2)根据文章,“该协议没有考虑病人的权利和隐私期望”。(3)此外,“病人隐私(权利)”是本文谈论的关键概念。据此,选项[C]最佳。

2.应选[D]。考查考生把握重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】(1)根据题干关键词可定位在第二段。(2) “The NHS trust has mended its ways”中, “mended its ways”是一个创新表达,含义为“改正;改过自新”。据此,选项[D]为同义转述。

3.应选[B]。考查考生把握重要细节信息的能力。
【试题解析】(1)题干明示出处在第二段末句。(2)根据文章,“隐私问题并不是唯一的角度” (privacy is not the only angle),“德纳姆判决依据的法律侧重于信息的‘控制’,而非‘处理’ ”,但是,“关键的问题并非是‘占有’,而是‘处理’”。据此,选项[B]最佳。

4.应选[A]。考查考生把握句间、段间关系的能力。
【试题解析】(1)题干明示出处在最后一段第四句。(2)根据文章,“真正的关键是,算法为私人垄断企业拥有,而他们是利用公共资源开发出的算法”。(3)下文的“需要避免未来的数字封建主义”(digital feudalism),上文的“权力集中”(第一段:concentration of power)等内容都隐射“数据独占”是要点。故选项[A]最佳。

5.应选[C]。考查考生把握作者态度和评价的能力。
【试题解析】(1)本题定位在全文最后几句。(2)根据文章,“当前无足轻重的选择可能给未来带来巨大的影响”(gigantic consequences),“需要长期斗争”(a long struggle)。最后一句,意味深长:德纳姆的报告才是开始。言外之意便是:对于人工智能用于医疗保健,不宜立即下结论。选项[C]最佳。

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