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Most human beings actually decide before they think. When any human being—executive, specialized expert, or person in the street—encounters a complex issue and forms an opinion, often within a matter of seconds, how thoroughly has he or she explored the implications of the various courses of action? Answer: not very thoroughly. Very few people, no matter how intelligent or experienced, can take inventory of the many branching possibilities, possible outcomes, side effects, and undesired consequences of a policy or a course of action in a matter of seconds. Yet, those who pride themselves on being decisive often try to do just that. And once their brains lock onto an opinion, most of their thinking thereafter consists of finding support for it.
A very serious side effect of argumentative decision making can be a lack of support for the chosen course of action on the pat of the “losing” faction. When one faction wins the meeting and the others see themselves as losing, the battle often doesn’t end when the meeting ends. Anger, resentment, and jealousy may lead them to sabotage the 4ecision later, or to reopen the debate at later meetings.
There is a better. As philosopher Aldous Huxley said, “It isn’t who is right, but what is right, that counts.”
The structured-inquiry method offers a better alternative to argumentative decision making by debate. With the help of the Internet and wireless computer technology the gap between experts and executives is now being dramatically closed. By actually putting the brakes on the thinking process, slowing it down, and organizing the flow of logic, it’s possible to create a level of clarity that sheer argumentation can never match.
The structured-inquiry process introduces a level of conceptual clarity by organizing the contributions of the experts, then brings the experts and the decision makers closer together. Although it isn’t possible or necessary for a president or prime minister to listen in on every intelligence analysis meeting, it’s possible to organize the experts’ information to give the decision maker much greater insight as to its meaning. This process may somewhat resemble a marketing focus group; it’s a simple, remarkably clever way to bring decision makers closer to the source of the expert information and opinions on which they must base their decisions.
1.From the first paragraph we can learn that(  ).
2.Judging from the context, what does the word “them” (line 4, paragraph 2) refer to?
3.Aldous Huxley’s remark (Paragraph 3) implies that (  ).   
4.According to the author, the function of the structured-inquiry method is (  ).   
5.The structured-inquiry process can be useful for(  ).

第 1 问

A. executive, specialized expert, are no more clever than person in the street  

B. very few people decide before they think  

C. those who pride themselves on being decisive often fail to do so  

D. people tend to consider carefully before making decisions  

第 2 问

A. Decision makers.  

B. The “losing” faction.  

C. Anger, resentment, and jealousy.  

D. Other people.  

第 3 问

A. there is a subtle difference between right and wrong  

B. we cannot tell who is right and what is wrong  

C. what is right is more important than who is right  

D. what is right accounts for the question who is right  

第 4 问

A. to make decision by debate  

B. to apply the Internet and wireless computer technology.  

C. to brake on the thinking process, slowing it down

D. to create a level of conceptual clarity  

第 5 问

A. decision makers  

B. intelligence analysis meeting  

C. the experts’ information  

D. marketing focus groups

参考答案: C B C D A

详细解析:

【选项释义】
From the first paragraph we can learn that ____. 从第一段我们可以了解到,____。
A. executive, specialized expert, are no more clever than person in the street A. 行政人员、专业的专家并不比普通人更聪明
B. very few people decide before they think B. 很少有人会在思考之前做出决定
C. those who pride themselves on being decisive often fail to do so C. 那些以果断而自豪的人往往没有做到这一点
D. people tend to consider carefully before making decisions D. 人们在做决定之前往往会仔细考虑
【考查点】推理判断题
【解题思路】第一段第五句讲“然而,那些为自己的果断而自豪的人经常试图这样做(try to do just that)”。结合上文可知,该句中的that指代第四句中提到的“在几秒钟内列出政策或行动过程的许多分支可能性、可能的结果、副作用和不希望看到的后果”。也就是说,那些为自己的果断而自豪的人经常试图在几秒钟内列出政策或行动过程的许多分支可能性、可能的结果、副作用和不希望看到的后果;再结合第六句可知,这类人在尝试的过程中一旦思维锁定了一个观点(lock onto an opinion),就会为该观点寻找论据。“lock”一词说明这类人的思维会陷入僵局,由此可推知,果断而自豪的人经常做不到列出政策或行动过程的许多分支可能性、可能的结果、副作用和不希望看到的后果这一点,故C选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项定位到第一段第二、三句“当任何一个人——行政人员、专业专家或普通人——遇到一个复杂的问题并形成意见时,往往在几秒钟内,他或她对各种行动的影响研究得有多彻底?答案是:不太彻底”,据此并不能推断出“行政人员、专业的专家并不比普通人更聪明”,属于曲解原文;
B选项定位到第一段第一句“实际上,大多数人在思考之前就做出决定”,属于反向干扰;
D选项定位到第一段第四句“很少有人,无论多么聪明或有经验,能够在几秒钟内对政策或行动方针的许多分支可能性、可能的结果、副作用和不希望看到的后果进行盘点”,也就是说很少有人会在做决定之前进行仔细思考,属于反向干扰。

【选项释义】
Judging from the context, what does the word “them” (line 4, paragraph 2) refer to? 从上下文来看,单词“them”(第二段第四行)指的是什么?
A. Decision makers. A. 决策者。
B. The “losing” faction. B. 失败方。
C. Anger, resentment, and jealousy. C. 愤怒、怨恨和嫉妒。
D. Other people. D. 其他人。
【考查点】语义推断题
【解题思路】根据第二段第三句中与them搭配的“sabotage the decision(破坏决定)”和“reopen the debate(重新开始争论)”这两个行为可推断,them指代人且这些人对做好的决定感到不满。换言之,这些人是不支持做好的决定的,这恰好与本段第一句中提到的“……缺乏‘失败方’对所选行动方案的支持”对应。由此可知,them指代的应为失败方,故B选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“决策者”、C选项“愤怒、怨恨和嫉妒”和D选项“其他人”均不符合原文内容,属于曲解原文。

【选项释义】
Aldous Huxley’s remark (Paragraph 3) implies that ____. 奥尔德斯·赫胥黎的评论(第3段)暗示____。
A. there is a subtle difference between right and wrong A. 正确和错误之间存在着微妙的差别
B. we cannot tell who is right and what is wrong B. 我们无法分辨谁是对的和什么是错的
C. what is right is more important than who is right C. 什么是对的比谁是对的更重要
D. what is right accounts for the question who is right D. 什么是正确的解释了谁是正确的问题
【考查点】推理判断题
【解题思路】根据题干中的“Aldous Huxley”定位到第三段第二句。“It isn’t who is right, but what is right, that counts”为Aldous Huxley的原话,该句使用了强调句型,强调部分为“not who is right, but what is right”,鉴于“not...but...”结构否定前者而肯定后者,but后引出的“what is right”才是Aldous Huxley想要强调和肯定的内容,即Aldous Huxley认为什么是对的比谁是对的更重要,故C选项符合原文。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“正确和错误之间存在着微妙的差别”、B选项“我们无法分辨谁是对的和什么是错的”和D选项“什么是正确的解释了谁是正确的问题”均不符合原文内容,属于曲解原文。

【选项释义】
According to the author, the function of the structured-inquiry method is ____. 作者认为,结构式探究法的功能是____。
A. to make decision by debate A. 通过辩论做出决策
B. to apply the Internet and wireless computer technology B. 应用互联网和无线计算机技术
C. to brake on the thinking process, slowing it down C. 阻止思维过程,减缓思维速度
D. to create a level of conceptual clarity D. 创建一定程度的概念清晰度
【考查点】事实细节题
【解题思路】根据题干中的“structured-inquiry method”定位到第四段和第五段。这两段均围绕结构式探究法进行论述。第四段第一句点明结构式探究法优于通过辩论来做决策的方法,下文进一步说明结构式探究法的优势与作用,其中第三句指出其“创造一个纯粹的论证永远无法比拟的清晰程度(create a level of clarity)”。第五段第一句承接第四段第三句,将“clarity”具化为“conceptual clarity”,即结构式探究法可以通过一定的手段“创建一定程度的概念清晰度(create a level of conceptual clarity)”。D选项是对第四段第三句和第五段第一句中相应内容的同义替换,故D选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“通过辩论做出决策”描述的不是结构式探究法,属于张冠李戴;
B选项定位到第四段第二句“在互联网和无线计算机技术的帮助下,专家和高管之间的差距正在显著缩小”,这不是结构式探究法的功能,属于出处错位;
C选项定位到第四段第三句“实际上,通过对思维过程踩刹车、放慢速度并组织逻辑流,就有可能创造出纯粹的论证无法比拟的清晰程度”,这也不是结构式探究法的功能,属于出处错位。

【选项释义】
The structured-inquiry process can be useful for ____. 结构式探究过程对于____可能很有用。
A. decision makers A. 决策者
B. intelligence analysis meeting B. 情报分析会议
C. the experts’ information C. 专家的信息
D. marketing focus groups D. 营销焦点小组
【考查点】事实细节题
【解题思路】根据题干中的“structured-inquiry process”定位到第五段。该段最后一句讲“……这(结构式探究法)是一种简单而又非常聪明的方法,可以让决策者更接近专家信息和意见的来源,他们(决策者)必须根据这些信息和意见做出决定”。由此可知,结构式探究过程对于决策者可能很有用,故A选项符合原文。
【干扰项排除】
B、C选项定位到第五段第二句“虽然总统或总理不可能也没有必要窃听每一次情报分析会议(intelligence analysis meeting),但有可能组织专家的信息(the experts’ information),让决策者对其含义有更深刻的见解”,这是说决策者整理专家观点和信息来做出决策,属于曲解原文;
D选项定位到第五段第三句“这个过程(结构式探究过程)可能有点像营销焦点小组”,作者将结构式探究过程与营销焦点小组进行类比,与本题无关,属于出处错位。

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