During the systems planning phase, a systems analyst conducts a （  ）activity to study the systems request and recommend specific action. After obtaining an authorization to proceed, the analyst interacts with （  ） to gather facts about the problem or opportunity, project scope and constraints, project benefits, and estimated development time and costs. In many cases, the systems request does not reveal the underlying problem, but only a symptom. A popular technique for investigating causes and effects is called （  ）.
The analyst has analyzed the problem or opportunity, defined the project scope and constraints, and performed （  ）to evaluate project usability, costs, benefits, and time constraints. The end product of the activity is （  ）. The main content must include an estimate of time, staffing requirements, costs, benefits, and expected results for the next phase of the SDLC.