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Should a leader strive to be loved or feared? This question, famously posed by Machiavelli, lies at the heart of Joseph Nye’s new book. Mr. Nye, a former dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard and one-time chairman of America’s National Intelligence Council, is best known for promoting the idea of “soft power”, based on persuasion and influence, as a counterpoint to “hard power”, based on coercion（强迫）and force.
Having analyzed the use of soft and hard power in politics and diplomacy in his previous books, Mr. Nye has now turned his attention to the relationship between power and leadership, in both the political and business spheres. Machiavelli, he notes, concluded that “one ought to be both feared and loved, but as it is difficult for the two to go together, it is much safer to be feared than loved." In short, hard power is preferable to soft power. But modern leadership theorists have come to the opposite conclusion.
The context of leadership is changing, they observe, and the historical emphasis on hard power is becoming outdated. In modern companies and democracies, power is increasingly diffused and traditional hierarchies （等级制） are being undermined, making soft power ever more important. But that does not mean coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion, Mr. Nye argues. Instead, he advocates a synthesis of these two views. The conclusion of The Powers to Lead, his survey of the theory of leadership, is that a combination of hard and soft power, which he calls “smart power”, is the best approach.
The dominant theoretical model of leadership at the moment is, apparently, the “transformational leadership pattern ”. Anyone allergic （反感）to management term will already be running for the exit, but Mr. Nye has performed a valuable service in rounding up and summarizing the various academic studies and theories of leadership into a single, slim volume. He examines different approaches to leadership, the morality of leadership and how the wider context can determine the effectiveness of a particular leader. There are plenty of anecdotes and examples, both historical and contemporary, political and corporate.
Alas, leadership is a slippery subject, and as he depicts various theories, even Mr. Nye never quite nails the jelly to the wall. He is at his most interesting when discussing the moral aspects of leadership—in particular, the question of whether it is sometimes necessary for good leaders to lie—and he provides a helpful 12-point summary of his conclusions. A recurring theme is that as circumstances change, different sorts of leaders are required； a leader who thrives in one environment may struggle in another, and vice versa. Ultimately that is just a fancy way of saying that leadership offers no easy answers.
1.From the first two paragraphs we may learn that Mr. Machiavelli’s idea of hard power is （  ）.
2.Which of the following makes soft power more important today according to Mr.Nye?
3.In his book The Powers to Lead, Mr. Nye has examined all the following aspects of leadership EXCEPT （  ）.  
4.Mr. Nye’s book is particularly valuable in that it （  ）.  
5.According to the author, the most interesting part of Mr. Nye’s book lies in his （  ）.

第 1 问

A. well accepted by Joseph Nye

B. very influential till nowadays

C. based on sound theories

D. contrary to that of modern leadership theorists

第 2 问

A. Coercion is widespread.

B. Morality is devalued.

C. Power is no longer concentrated.

D. Traditional hierarchies are strengthened.

第 3 问

A. authority

B. context

C. approaches

D. morality

第 4 问

A. makes little use of management terms

B. summarizes various studies concisely

C. serves as an exit for leadership researchers

D. sets a model for contemporary corporate leaders

第 5 问

A. view of changeable leadership

B. definition of good leadership

C. summary of leadership history

D. discussion of moral leadership

参考答案: D C A B D

详细解析:

【选项释义】
From the first two paragraphs we may learn that Mr. Machiavelli’s idea of hard power is____. 从前两段我们可以了解到马基雅维利先生对硬权利的看法____。
A. well accepted by Joseph Nye A. 被约瑟夫·奈接受
B. very influential till nowadays B. 至今仍很有影响力
C. based on sound theories C. 基于可靠的理论
D. contrary to that of modern leadership theorists D. 与现代领导理论家的观点相反
【考查点】事实细节题
【解题思路】阅读前两段，我们可以把答案信息定位到第二段第二句。该句详述了马基雅维利的观点。第三句对他的观点进行总结“hard power is preferable to soft power”表明硬权利比软权利更可取。第四句则紧随其后，指出现代领导理论家提出了截然相反的观点。由此可知，关于硬权利，马基雅维利的观点与现代领导理论家的观点相反，因此D选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、B、C在前两段没有提及，属于无中生有。

【选项释义】
Which of the following makes soft power more important today according to Mr. Nye? 奈先生认为，以下哪一项使软权利在今天更重要？
A. Coercion is widespread A. 威压普遍存在
B. Morality is devalued B. 道德是贬值的
C. Power is no longer concentrated C. 权力不再集中
D. Traditional hierarchies are strengthened D. 传统的等级制度得到了加强
【考查点】事实细节题
【解题思路】根据题干中soft power more important可定位到第三段第二句。此句意思为：……权力在日益分散，传统的等级制度逐渐瓦解，这些都使软权利变得越来越重要。即权力的日益分散是软权力愈发重要的因素之一。C项中的no longer concentrated与原文中的diffused （分散的）对应。
【干扰项排除】
A项关键词coercion（威压）在第三段第三句提到：But that does not mean coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion（但这并不意味着威压现在应该退居说服之后），说明威压即硬权利是重要的，因此与题干中软权力更重要相反，属于反向干扰。
B项文中提到“the morality of leadership and how the wider context can determine the effectiveness of a particular leader”（领导力的道德性以及如何在更广泛的背景下决定一个特定领导者的有效性）说明morality重要并没有贬值，这里属于反向干扰。
D项在第三段第二句中traditional hierarchies（等级制）are being undermined（传统的等级制度正在被破坏）与选项信息相反，属于反向干扰。

【选项释义】
In his book The Powers to Lead, Mr. Nye has examined all the following aspects of leadership EXCEPT_____. 在他的著作《领导的权力》中，奈先生考察了领导的以下所有方面，除了_____。
A. authority A. 权威，威信
B. context B. 背景
C. approaches C. 方法，态度
D. morality D. 道德
【考查点】事实细节题
【解题思路】根据题干中的has examined定位至第四段第三句。分析该句内容可知，奈先生在《领导的权力》一书中examines了三个方面，唯独没有提到authority，故选A。
【干扰项排除】
B项对应句中的how the wider context can determine the effectiveness of a particular leader；
C对应句中的different approaches to leadership；
D对应句中的the morality of leadership；

【选项释义】
Mr. Nye’s book is particularly valuable in that it_____. 奈先生的书特别有价值的地方在于_____。
A. makes little use of management terms A. 很少使用管理术语
B. summarizes various studies concisely B. 简明扼要地总结各种研究
C. serves as an exit for leadership researchers C. 作为领导力研究人员的出口
D. sets a model for contemporary corporate leaders D. 为当代企业领袖树立榜样
【考查点】推理判断题
【解题思路】根据题干中的valuable可定位到第四段第二句。作者在本句中先是对奈先生的书给予了积极的评价，称其为a valuable service，继而以介词in引出了valuable的原因：rounding up and summarizing the various academic studies……into a single, slim volume（将各种涉及领导力的学术研究成果和理论收集整理，并总结成一本短小精悍的书册）。显然，B选项是对原文的合理判断，故正确
【干扰项排除】
A项中的management terms（管理术语）可以在第四段第二句找到信息Anyone allergic to management term will already be running for the exit（任何对管理术语反感的人，都已经准备退出了），然后用but引出这本书有价值的地方，推知奈先生的书里有很多管理的术语，选项与文中信息相反，属于反向干扰。
C、D选项中的关键词如exit，contemporary corporate虽然在原文中的定位出可以找到，但与题干无关，属于出处错误。

【选项释义】
According to the author, the most interesting part of Mr. Nye’s book lies in his_____. 根据作者的说法，奈先生书中最有趣的部分在于他的_____。
A. view of changeable leadership A. 可变领导观
B. definition of good leadership B. 良好领导的定义
C. summary of leadership history C. 领导历史总结
D. discussion of moral leadership D. 道德领导探讨
【考查点】细节事实题
【解题思路】根据题干中的most interesting定位到第五段第二句。该句明确表示：书中探讨领导的道德问题的部分最有意思。D选项是对句中discussing the moral aspects of leadership的同义转述，故正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、B、C选项原文没有提及，属于无中生有。

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